Sunday, March 15, 2020

How to Add, Format and Mount new disks in Linux Server?


>>> Adding a disk in Linux Server.
>>> Formatting a disk in Linux Server.
>>> Mounting the disk in Linux Server.

When you insert new storage into linux server or attach raw storage into linux box. You can see those hard disks under /dev location as show below

Here sda is system disk and sdb is newly added disk.

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# ls -ltr sd*
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8,  0 Jun  7 19:37 sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8,  2 Jun  7 19:37 sda2
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 16 Jun  7 19:37 sdb
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8,  1 Jun  7 19:37 sda1

How to find the newly added disk. Below command shows which disk is newly added to server

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux  ------------------- This indicates sda is old disk
/dev/sda2              14        2610    20860402+  8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table   ----------------- This indicates sdb is new disk

Disk /dev/dm-0: 19.2 GB, 19226689536 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2337 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/dm-1: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/dm-1 doesn't contain a valid partition table

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        2610    20860402+  8e  Linux LVM


Format the newly added disk which was identified from Step2 using below command.

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.


The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): p   ------------------------------------------- Print the current partitions if any

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n --------------------------------------------- Create new partitions
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p   --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary partition
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-2610, default 2610):
Using default value 2610

Command (m for help): w ------------------------------------------- Save new partition
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@oel5-testdb dev]#

Verify newly formatted disk.

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# ls -ld sd*
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8,  0 Jun  7 19:37 sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8,  1 Jun  7 19:37 sda1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8,  2 Jun  7 19:37 sda2
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 16 Jun  7 19:46 sdb
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 17 Jun  7 19:46 sdb1 ----------------- Newly created partition


Check the current system filesystem format

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2 -------------- ext3 filesyetem format
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

Format the newly create partition with filesystem type identified in Step5

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
2621440 inodes, 5242880 blocks
262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
        4096000

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@oel5-testdb dev]#


Create new directory /orabin and mount the newly formatted filesystem under /orabin directory

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# mkdir /orabin
[root@oel5-testdb dev]# chmod 777 /orabin/
[root@oel5-testdb dev]# mount /dev/sdb
sdb   sdb1  

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# mount /dev/sdb /orabin/

[root@oel5-testdb dev]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
                       18G   13G  4.0G  77% /
/dev/sda1              99M   40M   55M  43% /boot
tmpfs                 497M     0  497M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb               20G  173M   19G   1% /orabin   -------------------------- New mount point mounted
[root@oel5-testdb dev]#

Add the filesystem and mount options in /etc/fstab to reflect mount as permanent.

[root@oel5-testdb ~]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
[root@oel5-testdb ~]#

[root@oel5-testdb ~]# vi /etc/fstab

[root@oel5-testdb ~]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb                /orabin                 ext3    defaults        1 1 ------------------ added this entry 
[root@oel5-testdb ~]#

[root@oel5-testdb ~]# mount -a

[root@oel5-testdb ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
                       18G   13G  4.0G  77% /
/dev/sda1              99M   40M   55M  43% /boot
tmpfs                 497M     0  497M   0% /dev/shm
Shared_Drive          238G  173G   66G  73% /media/sf_Shared_Drive
Shared_Drive          238G  173G   66G  73% /Shared_Drive/
/dev/sdb               20G  173M   19G   1% /orabin


Regards,
Mallik

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